Healthcare provider-related barriers
- Time constraints and pressure to restrict consultation times
- Availability of female healthcare providers
- Lack of practical training in cervical screening (e.g. for international medical graduates who have never performed cervical screening)
- The patient knowing the healthcare provider personally
- Interpersonal and communication skills
- Age and cultural background of the healthcare provider
- Lack of trust in the effectiveness and equivalency between self-collection and clinician-collection screening options
System-related barriers
- Accessibility of the health service, including availability of ramps and hoists
- Availability of convenient appointment times
- Availability of bulk-billing
- Services without a culturally sensitive environment
- Availability of female healthcare providers or any healthcare provider who is a cervical screener
- Availability of local language resources and patient information
- Availability of pathology laboratories to process self-collection samples
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