Healthcare provider-related barriers
- time constraints and pressure to restrict consultation times
- availability of female healthcare providers
- lack of practical training in cervical screening (e.g. for international medical graduates who have never performed cervical screening)
- the patient knowing the healthcare provider personally
- interpersonal and communication skills
- age and cultural background of the healthcare provider
- lack of trust in the effectiveness and equivalency between self-collection and clinician-collection screening options
System-related barriers
- accessibility of the health service, including availability of ramps and hoists
- availability of convenient appointment times
- availability of bulk-billing
- services without a culturally sensitive environment
- availability of female healthcare providers or any healthcare provider who is a cervical screener
- availability of local language resources and patient information
- availability of pathology laboratories to process self-collection samples
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