Healthcare provider-related barriers
- Time constraints and pressure to restrict consultation times
 - Availability of female healthcare providers
 - Lack of practical training in cervical screening (e.g. for international medical graduates who have never performed cervical screening)
 - The patient knowing the healthcare provider personally
 - Interpersonal and communication skills
 - Age and cultural background of the healthcare provider
 - Lack of trust in the effectiveness and equivalency between self-collection and clinician-collection screening options
 
System-related barriers
- Accessibility of the health service, including availability of ramps and hoists
 - Availability of convenient appointment times
 - Availability of bulk-billing
 - Services without a culturally sensitive environment
 - Availability of female healthcare providers or any healthcare provider who is a cervical screener
 - Availability of local language resources and patient information
 - Availability of pathology laboratories to process self-collection samples
 
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