Office of Chemical Safety

Acceptable Daily Intakes for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals

This document sets out the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for agricultural and veterinary chemicals used on food producing crops or animals. It includes entries that were recommended by the former Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals Standing Committee of the National Health and Medical Research Council until November 1992 and those established by the TGA since assuming responsibility for establishing ADI's on 12 March 1993.

Current as of 31 December 2007

Printable version of the Acceptable Daily Intakes for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (PDF 192 KB)

This document includes recommendations made by the former Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals Standing Committee (PACSC) of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and by the Office of Chemical Safety (OCS) in the Office of Health Protection (OHP).

Any comments or enquiries relating to the entries in this document should be addressed to:

The Office of Chemical Safety
Office of Health Protection
Department of Health and Ageing
MDP 88
GPO Box 9848
CANBERRA ACT 2601

Preface

This document sets out the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for agricultural and veterinary chemicals used on food producing crops or animals. It includes entries which were recommended by the former Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals Standing Committee (PACSC) of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) until November 1992.
The responsibility for setting ADIs transferred to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of the Australian Department of Health and Ageing on 12 March 1993. ADIs established by the Office of Chemical Safety (OCS) in the Office of Health Protection, Department of Health and Ageing, are included in this document.

Introduction

Over the past several decades, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals and veterinary drugs have become an important factor in food production. The availability of these chemicals has enabled significant increases in agricultural productivity to be achieved.

While the consumption of agricultural and veterinary chemicals is not desirable in itself, ingestion of these substances in the form of residues in agricultural produce may occur as a consequence of their intended use. Residues resulting from proper agricultural use are low as has been consistently demonstrated in Market Basket Surveys. Nevertheless, it is essential that a mechanism exists to assess the likelihood of risks to the public, and to reduce these risks to a minimum.

Prior to the registration of an agricultural or veterinary chemical product, applicants must provide registration authorities with a great deal of information in support of the use of the product, including details of toxicological studies. The toxicological studies are assessed with a view to determining the potential hazards associated with exposure to the chemical and also, where the chemical is used on food producing crops or animals, to establishing a level of intake which would be without appreciable risk to consumers. The toxicological hazards of existing chemicals are reviewed as further data becomes available.

Toxicological studies required for agricultural and veterinary chemicals range from those measuring single dose effects to those which examine the effects of lifetime exposure. Toxicity studies are generally performed on laboratory animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs and are designed to identify potential toxic effects. The studies usually involve the feeding/administration of various levels of the compound under investigation to animals, followed by observation and monitoring of clinical parameters and pathology which are indicative of toxicity in the test species.

The range of toxicological studies required to be undertaken is detailed in the “Ag Manual: The Requirements Manual for Agricultural Chemicals” and the “Vet Manual: The Requirements Manual for Veterinary Chemicals” which are published by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). The immediate hazards from a chemical are determined by identifying the acute toxicity by the most likely routes of exposure, together with tests for skin and eye irritation and skin sensitisation. The potential for toxicity over longer periods, including possible tumour induction, is determined by studying the effects of repeated dosing, in some cases for the entire lifespan of the species. Multigeneration and developmental studies predict reproductive toxicity and the potential to cause birth defects, and studies are performed to assess the potential to cause effects on genetic material. Other specific investigations also may be required to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of a particular chemical. Designs for the conduct of toxicological studies have become standardised to a large extent and international guidelines have been developed to achieve consistency in experimental techniques. In general, groups of the test species/organism are exposed to a number of dose levels (usually three) of the substance and a further group is left unexposed (control group). The treatment levels are selected so that the highest dose will cause some obvious toxic effects, while the lowest dose at least, should not result in a toxic effect. During the course of the study a range of observations is made in each group and a comparison is made of the findings in each treated group versus the control group. Assessment of individual toxicity studies includes the determination of a no-observable-effect level (NOEL), which is the highest administered dose which does not cause any detectable (usually adverse) effect in the study. The overall NOEL for a chemical, determined in the most sensitive species, is then used to estimate the acceptable daily intake. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for humans is considered to be a level of intake of a chemical that can be ingested daily over an entire lifetime without any appreciable risk to health. It is calculated by dividing the overall NOEL from the animal studies by a safety factor. The magnitude of the safety factor is selected to account for uncertainties in extrapolation of animal data to humans, variation between humans, the completeness of the toxicological data base and the nature of the potential adverse effects. The most common safety factor is 100 which takes into account that humans may be 10 times more sensitive to the chemical than experimental animals and that a proportion of the population may be 10 times more sensitive than the average person. Where there is satisfactory information in humans, there is no necessity to extrapolate from animal data and a safety factor of 10 is considered adequate to account for inter-individual variation. On the other hand when the toxicity data base is incomplete or when the nature of the potential hazards indicate the need for additional caution, a further safety factor of 10 to 20 may be incorporated. In these situations, the overall NOEL is divided by a safety factor of 1000 to 2000 in determining the ADI. It is important to note that the toxicological studies on which the overall NOEL is based are invariably carried out by oral dosing of animals and usually by incorporation of the chemical in the diet. The subsequent establishment of an ADI is thus directed to human exposure by the oral route. Due to possible differences in absorption and other kinetic and metabolic parameters, the comparison of intakes by other routes with the ADI should be interpreted with caution. [Top of page

Notes

1. Use of the terms JMPR or JECFA in the NOEL column indicates that the Australian ADI has been adopted from the figure established by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) or the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

2. (H) indicates that the NOEL was determined on the basis of experimental data in humans.

3. The words "not necessary" in the ADI column indicates that there is a large margin of safety for consumption of residues in food when the chemical is used according to good agricultural/veterinary practice. Due to low levels of residues and the lack of oral activity of these chemicals, a numerical ADI is not considered necessary.

4. (M) indicates that the ADI is derived from microbiological data.

5. TDI means Tolerable Daily Intake. ADIs are not maintained for those agricultural and veterinary chemicals that are no longer permitted for use in agricultural practice. However, residues of certain environmentally persistent pesticides may occur as residues in agricultural commodities as a consequence of past use. In these cases, health intake values are maintained as Tolerable Daily Intake values, to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes of these environmentally persistent chemicals can be compared.

6. 'Deleted' means that an ADI had previously been established but that the chemical is no longer permitted for use on food-producing crops or animals. (For certain environmentally-persistent chemicals which are no longer used in agriculture, see note 5 re TDI values.)

Chemical	ADI (mg/kg bw)	NOEL (mg/kg bw)	DateSet	Study	Comments
a
Abamectin	0.0005	0.5	10 Nov 1999	3-week rabbit developmental study; based on teratogenicity at the next highest dose of 1 mg/kg bw/day.	1000 fold safety factor justified as the foetal abnormalities produced may represent an acute toxic effect.
Acephate	0.003	0.22	10 Feb 1988
Acetamiprid	0.1	9	27 Jul 2001	2-year dietary study in rats; based on reductions in bodyweight gain and food consumption, and increased incidence of hepatocellular hypertrophy and vacuolation at the next highest dose
Acetyl isovaleryltylosin tartrate	0.0001	0.031 (MIC50)	21 Aug 2006	A microbiological ADI of 0.0001 mg/kg bw/d was established for acetyl isovaleryltylosin tartrate, based on a MIC50 of 0.031 mcg/ml in the most sensitive bacterial genus, (Bifidobacterium) found in the human GI tract.	A toxicological ADI of 0.05 mg/kg bw/d was based on a NOEL of 47 mg/kg bw/d in a 3-month mouse dietary study and a safety factor of 1,000.
Acibenzolar-S-methyl	0.005	5 [LOEL]	23 Apr 2002	12-month chronic oral toxicity study in dogs; based on haematological changes associated with anaemia seen at a LOEL of 5 mg/kg bw/d.
Acifluorfen	0.015	1.5	8 May 1980
Acinitrazole	0.005	10	18 Mar 1976
Acrolein	0.0005	0.05	15 Mar 1994	24-month rat gavage study; based on mortality and serum biochemical effects at the next highest dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw/day.
Alachlor	0.0005	0.5	3 May 1985
Albendazole	0.05	5	9 Aug 1994
Aldicarb	0.001	0.01 (H)	15 Dec 1999	Single dose human study; based on plasma and erythrocyte ChE inhibition at the next highest dose of 0.025 mg/kg bw.
Aldoxycarb	0.001	1.8	1 Aug 1985
Aldrin	0.0001 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as aldrin is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates	0.01	20	15 Aug 1979
Alloxydim-sodium	0.05	5	14 Aug 1980
Alpha-cypermethrin	0.05	4.7	11 Mar 1994	13-week dog study; a NOEL of 90 ppm (4.7 mg/kg bw/day) was based on ataxia, body tremors, agitation and abnormal gait at the next highest dose of 270 ppm.
Alpha-trenbolone	0.0001	0.01	10 Feb 1988
Altrenogest	0.000002	0.004	13 Aug 1992
Ametryn	0.02	2	17 Nov 1989
Amicarbazone	0.02	2	9 Jun 2006
Aminocarb	0.02	2	10 Feb 1969
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine	0.0002	0.2	28 Sep 2000	90-day rat dietary study; based on a reduction in blood AST levels at the next highest dose of 0.4 mg/kg bw/d.	A subchronic study was used in the absence of a chronic study, hence a conservative safety factor is warranted.
Amitraz	0.002	0.25	5 Nov 1986
Amitrole	0.0003	0.025	3 May 1984
Amoxycillin	0.2	200	8 Mar 1995
Apramycin	0.05	5	29 May 1986
Ardacin	0.05	100	1 Dec 1988
Arprinocid	0.002	4	10 Nov 1977
Asulam	0.02	40	5 Dec 1985
Atrazine	0.005	0.5	5 Dec 1990	Rat 2-year dietary study; NOEL of 10 ppm based on mammary tumours in female rats. The LOEL in this study was 1.17 mg/kg, with nephrotoxicity at this dose.
Avilamycin	1	108	19 Dec 1997	24-month rat dietary study; based on absence of toxicity effects at the highest dose of 3000 ppm (108 mg/kg bw/day).
Azaconazole	0.025	2.5	2 Jun 1988
Azadirachtin	not established		28 May 2004		ADI not established; due to insufficient information.
Azafenidin	0.0004	0.04	4 Jul 2001	3-month dog study; based on porphyrin and pigment accumulation in the liver and other liver toxicity.
Azamethiphos	0.003	0.25	29 May 1996	52-week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 10 ppm (0.25 mg/kg bw/d) was based on inhibition of plasma, RBC and brain ChE activity at the next highest dose of 100 ppm.
Azaperone	0.1	10	5 Aug 1983
Azimsulfuron	0.2	18	9 Sep 2002	12-month dietary study in male dogs; based on reduced bodyweight gain and increased pigment deposition at the next highest dose of 3000 ppm (the highest dose
Azinphos-ethyl	0.002	0.02 (H)	21 Jun 1991
Azinphos-methyl	0.025	0.25 (H)	26 Aug 2002	28-day repeat-dose human study; based on no inhibition of plasma or RBC ChE (or any other related effects) in males at 0.25 mg/kg bw/d, the only dose tested.
Azocyclotin	0.003	0.25	10 Jun 1987
Azoxystrobin	0.1	10	29 Sep 1998	3-month oral dosing dog study; based on reduced body weights and increased salivation and gastrointestinal abnormalities at the next highest dose of 50 mg/kg/day.
b					Top of page
Bacillus thuringiensis	not necessary		6 Sep 2002		ADI not necessary [compound is a naturally occurring organism and residues from its use on sheep are likely to be indistinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism].
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1 (strain MPPL 002)	not necessary		28 Aug 2003		ADI not necessary; compound is a naturally occurring organism and residues from its use on sheep are likely to be indistinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.
Bacitracin	0.1	10	26 May 1997	Rat developmental rat study; a NOEL of 75 mg/kg/day Albac (10 mg/kg/day bacitracin) was based on increased salivation and reduced body weight gain at the next highest dose of 225 mg/kg/day.	Safety factor of 100 deemed appropriate due to the poor gastrointestinal absorption of bacitracin.
Bambermycin	0.3	29	14 Sep 2001	2-year chronic study in rats.	Previously named:flavophospholipol
Benalaxyl	0.05	5	1 Dec 1988
Bendiocarb	0.004	0.4	8 Jun 1993	Rat reproduction study; based on reduced maternal weight gain at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg
Benfluralin	0.05	5	18 Feb 1987
Benfuresate	0.01	20	10 Sep 1987
Benomyl	0.02	2.5	12 Feb 2003	2-year dog study; based on an increase in testicular degeneration at the next highest dose of 12.5 mg/kg bw/d.
Bensulfuron-methyl	0.02	2.5	10 Sep 1987
Bensulide	0.04	4	4 Feb 1982
Bentazone	0.01	10	1 Dec 1975
Benzofenap	0.004	0.4	27 Mar 1998	2-generation rat reproduction study; A NOEL of 5 ppm (0.4 mg/kg/day) was based on reduced pup survival at the next highest dose of 20 ppm.
Benzyl G Penicillin	0.03 mg/person/d	JECFA'90(H)	28 Feb 1990
6-Benzyladenine	0.02	30	15 Aug 1979
Beta-cyfluthrin	0.01	1.5	5 Dec 1990	13-week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 60 ppm (1.5 mg/kg bw/day) was based on vomiting, diarrhoea and effects on motor function at the next highest dose of 360 ppm.
Beta-cypermethrin	0.05	5	19 Mar 2002	2-year rat study; based on a NOEL for cypermethrin.	The 2-year rat study used for establishing the cypermethrin ADI was considered appropriate to use for the beta-cypermethrin ADI as all the isomers contained in beta-cypermethrin are contained in cypermethrin.
beta-Trenbolone	0.00001	0.001	10 Feb 1988
Bifenazate	0.01	1	12 Dec 2002	Rat 2-year dietary study, and a 52- week dietary study in dogs; based on a decreased bodyweight gain in the rat study at the next highest dose of 4.8 mg/kg bw/d; and decreased bodyweight gain, haematological and clinical chemistry effects, urine changes, organ weight changes and histopathological effects in the dog study at the next highest dose of 8.95 mg/kg bw/d.
Bifenthrin	0.01	1	26 Nov 1992	Developmental rat gavage study; based on maternal tremors at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg
Binapacryl	0.002	0.25	3 Aug 1984
Bioresmethrin	0.03	3	20 Jun 1991	2-year rat dietary study; based on hepatotoxicity at the next highest level of 15 mg/kg bw/d.
Bitertanol	0.01	1	15 Nov 1982
Boscalid	0.06	6	15 Aug 2003	Rat carcinogenicity and chronic 2- year dietary studies; based on NOELs of 100 ppm (equivalent to 6 mg/kg/d) due to clinical signs at the next highest dose of 500 ppm.
Brodifacoum	0.0000005	0.001	16 May 1990
Bromacil	0.1	10	10 Feb 1988
Bromadiolone	0.000002	0.004	18 Jan 1994	Rabbit developmental study; a NOEL of 4 ug/kg/day (0.004 mg/kg/day) was based on maternotoxicity, increased resorptions and reduced foetal weight at the next highest dose of 8
Bromide	1	JMPR'88	30 Sep 1988
Bromophos-ethyl	0.004	0.4	18 Feb 1987
Bromopropylate	0.03	2.8	31 May 1994	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 100 ppm (2.8 mg/kg bw/day) was based on decreased body weight gain in females at the next highest dose of 400 ppm.
Bromoxynil	0.003	0.3	19 Feb 1993	1-year dog study; based on reduced body weight gain at the next highest dose of 1.5 mg/kg bw/day.
Bromsalans	0.007	15	12 Aug 1970
Bromuconazole	0.02	2	17 Jun 1994	2-year rat dietary study; a NOEL of 20 ppm (2 mg/kg bw/day) was based on pathological effects in the liver at the next highest dose of 150 ppm.
Brotianide	0.0008	1.7	9 Aug 1972
Bupirimate	0.05	5	7 Jun 1978
Buprofezin	0.01	1	18 Jan 2000	2-year rat study and a rat two generation reproduction study; based on NOELs of 1 and 0.9 mg/kg bw/d respectively.
Butacarb	0.2	20	7 Dec 1972
Butachlor	0.005	10	7 Dec 1972
Butafenacil	0.004	0.36	12 Apr 2001	18-month mouse carcinogenicity study; based on a NOEL of 0.36 mg/kg bw in males.
Buthidazole	0.008	15.8	7 Jun 1978
Butralin	0.2	15	14 Aug 1992	Developmental gavage rabbit study; based on maternal toxicity (reduced body weight gain) and foetal defects at the next highest dose of 45 mg/kg bw/day.
Butroxydim	0.005	0.5	18 Jan 1993	1-year dietary dog study; based on organ weight changes and increased ALP levels at the next highest dose of 5 mg/kg bw/day.
c					Top of page
Cadusafos	0.00001	0.001	13 Aug 1992	1-year oral dog study; a NOEL of 1 ug/kg bw/day (0.001 mg/kg bw/day) was based on plasma CHE inhibition in females at the next highest dose of 5 ug/kg bw/day.
Captan	0.1	10	5 Feb 1997	Rabbit reproduction study; based on increased incidence of cysts on the liver and an increase in the number of skeletal variations at the next highest dose of 30 mg/kg
Carbaryl	0.008	16 [LOEL]	13 Dec 2002	2-year mouse dietary study; based on vascular tumour formation at the LOEL of 16 mg/kg bw/d (100 ppm).
Carbendazim	0.03	2.5	9 May 1979
Carbendazole	0.1	10	11 Nov 1976
Carbetamide	0.03	3	30 Aug 1991
Carbofuran	0.003	0.33	10 Sep 1987
Carbophenothion	0.0002	0.02	12 Aug 1970
Carbosulfan	0.01	1	17 Jan 1997	2-year rat dietary study; a NOEL of 20 ppm (1 mg/kg bw) was based on clinical signs, iris atrophy and cholinesterase inhibition at the next highest dose of 500 ppm.
Carboxin	0.08	8.5	18 Feb 1987
Carfentrazone ethyl	0.03	3	3 Aug 1998	2-year rat dietary study; a NOEL of 50 ppm (3 mg/kg/day) was based on red fluorescence seen in the female liver at the next highest dose of 200 ppm.
Carprofen	0.005	1	4 Sep 1997	2-year rat dietary rat study; based on nephrotoxicity and gastro-intestinal tract ulceration at the next highest dose of 3 mg/kg/day.
Ceftiofur sodium	0.03	30	18 Jan 1993	90-day oral dog study; based on clinical signs, reduction in platelet counts in female (thrombocytopenia) at the next highest dose of 100 mg/kg bw/d.	High safety factor due to lack of chronic studies.
Cefuroxime sodium	0.4	400	12 Aug 1996	27-week gavage dog study; based on anaemia, reduced plasma cholesterol, and increased triglycerides at the next highest dose
Cephalexin	0.01	(M)	22 Nov 2000		The limited toxicology data were not sufficient to allow establishment of a toxicological ADI. A microbiological ADI of 0.01 mg/kg bw/d for cephalexin based on the use of the JECFA formulation was established.
Cephalonium	0.02	39	11 Jul 1996	13-week rat study; a NOEL of 500 ppm (39 mg/kg/day) was based on elevated kidney weights at the next highest dose of 5000 ppm.	High safety factor chosen to reflect absence of chronic and reproduction toxicity studies.
Cephapirin	0.02	20	5 Sep 1997	13-week oral dog study; based on vomiting and increased weight gain at the LOEL of 20 mg/kg bw/day.	High safety factor due to use of a LOEL and the absence of chronic/oncogenicity studies.
Chloraniformethan	0.03	2.5	14 Nov 1974
Chlordane	0.0005 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Use of chlordane in food-producing animals has been withdrawn. Therefore, an ADI for this compound is not necessary.
Chlordimeform	0.003	0.3	10 Sep 1987
Chlorfenapyr	0.02	2.1	22 Aug 1995	12-month dog dietary study; based on elevated creatine levels at the next highest dose of 4 mg/kg/day.
Chlorfenvinphos	0.0005	0.05	29 Oct 1998	4-week, 2-year dietary study and 2- generation reproduction studies in rats; based on plasma and/or brain ChE inhibition.
Chlorfluazuron	0.005	0.56	12 Nov 1987
Chlorhexidine	0.2	25	14 Feb 1985
Chloridazon	0.04	4.1	2 Dec 1988
Chlormequat	0.07	7.5	30 Aug 1991	2-year dog dietary study; a NOEL of 300 ppm (7.5 mg/kg bw/day) was based on excessive salivation and muscle weakness at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm.
Chlornidine	0.002	5	9 Aug 1972
Chloromethiuron	0.004	0.4	10 Sep 1987
Chlorothalonil	0.01	1.5	14 Feb 1991
Chloroxuron	0.004	0.4	14 Feb 1992
Chlorpropham	0.05	5	16 Jul 1996	60-week dog dietary dog study; based on altered thyroid function at the next highest dose of 51
Chlorpyrifos	0.003	0.03 (H)	17 Dec 1998	28-day human volunteer study; based on plasma ChE inhibition.
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	0.01	0.1	10 Feb 1988
Chlorsulfuron	0.05	5	5 Aug 1982
Chlortetracycline	0.003	0.03(H)	15 May 1995	7-day human oral study: a NOEL of 2 mg/adult/day (0.03 mg/kg bw/d) was based on the elimination of oxytetracycline susceptible strains of intestinal microflora at the next highest dose of 20 mg/adult/day.	The NOEL of oxytetracycline has been applied to chlortetracycline due to similarities in structure and microbiological potency.
Chlorthal-dimethyl	0.01	1	29 Apr 1994
Chlorthiophos	0.0002	0.02	7 Jun 1978
Cinmethylin	0.01	11 [LOEL]	20 Aug 2003	Rat reproduction study; based on a LOEL of 11 mg/kg/d in adults due to the increased incidence of parenchymal hepatocellular vacuolation in female livers at all treatment levels.	The LOEL was considered appropriate, as the figure is lower than the lowest clear NOEL of 3 mg/kg/d in a rabbit developmental study, with a safety factor of 100.
Clavulanic acid	0.01	10	8 Mar 1995	6-month gavage dog study; based on liver toxicity at the next highest dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day.	High safety factor due to incomplete database; no chronic studies
Clenpyrin	0.003	5	7 Dec 1971
Clethodim	0.01	1	20 Jun 1991
Clodinafop-propargyl	0.004	0.37	28 Apr 1994	3-month dietary dog study; a NOEL of 10 ppm (0.37 mg/kg bw/day) was based on skin lesions and disturbances of the serum protein electrophoretic pattern at the next highest dose of 50 ppm.
Clofentezine	0.02	2	11 Sep 1986
Clomazone	0.1	14	19 Dec 1997	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 500 ppm (14 mg/kg bw/day) was based on increased absolute and relative liver weights at the next highest dose of 2500 ppm.
Cloprostenol	0.0005	0.05	11 Nov 1975
Clopyralid	0.5	50	12 Nov 1982
Cloquintocet-mexyl	0.04	4	28 Apr 1994
Clorsulon	0.001 mg/kg bw	0.2	19 Jun 2007	54-week study in rats
Closantel	0.025	2.5	12 Nov 1981
Clothianidin	0.05	9.7 [LOEL]	1 Aug 2003	Rat 2-year feeding study; based on a LOEL of 9.7 mg/kg bw/day, with a safety factor of 200 warranted, as the incidence of the effect in the ovaries was only slightly higher than the historical control range.	A NOEL was not established due to interstitial cell hyperplasia observed in the ovaries in all treated groups.
Cloxacillin	0.2	500	28 Jun 2001	12-week rat oral study; based on absence of haematological, biochemical, histological organ weight abnormalities at the highest dose of 500 mg/kg bw.	High safety factor due to limited toxicology information.
Cloxylacon	0.002	4.1	11 May 1989
N-coco-1,3-diaminopropane	not necessary		10 Dec 2003		ADI not necessary [as it will not result in human exposure via the diet
Colistin sulphate	0.2	25	5 Dec 1990
Copper	0.2		16 Jun 2005		This ADI is based on the upper safe limit for adults of 0.2 mg/kg bw/d recommended by FSANZ as a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Therefore there is no NOEL, LOEL or safety factor.
Coumaphos	0.0005	0.05	7 Dec 1971
Coumatetralyl	0.000003	0.0068	15 Sep 2000	16-week sub-chronic oral rat study.	The safety factor was chosen due to the limited toxicology database.
Crotoxyphos	6e-005	0.12	7 Jun 1972
Crufomate	0.1	JMPR'68	19 Aug 1974
Cyanamide	0.002	0.2	14 Aug 1992
Cyanatryn	0.05	5	6 Aug 1975
Cyanazine	0.002	0.2	11 Sep 1986
Cyclanilide	0.01	2.5	17 Apr 1998	2-generation rat reproduction study; a NOEL of 30 ppm (2.5 mg/kg bw/day) was based on alterations in organ weight at the next highest dose of 300 ppm.
Cyclodextrins	deleted		21 Oct 2003		The need to establish ADIs to support short-term exposure to experimental pesticides resulting from their use under a permit approval had been largely overcome by the introduction of ARfD's. Hence there is no longer any justification to retain an ADI for cyclodextrins
Cycloprate	0.004	8	9 Feb 1977
Cycloprothrin	0.01	1	29 May 1986
Cycloxydim	0.06	6.4	17 May 1990
Cyfluthrin	0.02	2.5	14 Feb 1985
Cyhalofop-butyl	0.002	0.2	28 Jan 2005	2-year rat study; based on increased incidence of spots in the livers of females at 2.4 mg/kg bw/d.
Cyhalothrin	0.02	1.5	14 Feb 1985
Gamma-cyhalothrin	0.0005	0.5	12 Aug 2003	Rat developmental study; maternal NOEL based on decreased body weight gain and clinical signs at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg bw/d.
Cyhexatin	0.001	0.1	18 Jan 2000	Rat developmental study; based on decreased body weight gain at 0.5 mg/kg bw/day.
Cymiazole	0.005	0.5	14 Feb 1985
Cynmethylin	0.006	12	6 Feb 1986
Cyometrinil	0.0005	1	5 May 1982
Cypermethrin	0.05	5	10 Feb 1988
Cyphenothrin	0.03	3	30 Aug 1991
Cyproconazole	0.01	1	22 Feb 1990	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 30 ppm (1 mg/kg bw/day) was based on hepatotoxicity at the next highest dose of 100 ppm.
Cyprodinil	0.02	2.7	19 Aug 1994	2-year rat dietary study; a NOEL of 75 ppm (2.7 mg/kg bw/day) was based on increased incidence of liver lesions in males at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm.
Cyromazine	0.02	1.8	8 Apr 1998	24-month dietary rat study; a NOEL of 30 ppm (1.8 mg/kg/day) was based on depressed weight gain at the next highest dose of 300 ppm.
d					Top of page
Daminozide	0.7	75	11 Sep 1986
Dazomet	0.0005	0.5	27 Nov 1996
DDT	0.002 (TDI)	0.25	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as DDT is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Decoquinate	0.007	15	11 Jul 1969
Deltamethrin	0.01	1	6 Nov 1980
Demeton-S-methyl	0.0003	0.03	30 Aug 1991	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 1ppm (0.036 mg/kg bw/day) was based on depressed CHE levels at the next highest dose of 10 ppm.
Dexamethasone	0.000015	JECFA'94	10 Aug 1994
Diafenthiuron	0.003	0.3	5 Jan 1993	12-month oral dog study; based on reduced body weight gains at the next highest dose of 1.5 mg/kg	Supported by a 24-month dietary rat study; a NOEL of 10 ppm (0.32 mg/kg bw/day) was based on increased urinary volume and testicular enlargement at the next highest dose of 30 ppm.
Dialifos	0.001	0.01	16 Jul 1978
Diazinon	0.001	0.02 (H)	29 Apr 1999	37-43 Day human study; based on plasma ChE inhibition.
Dicamba	0.03	3	20 Jun 1991	Developmental rabbit study; based on reduced maternal body weight gains at the next highest dose of 10 mg/kg bw/day.
Dichlobenil	0.01	1.25	14 Aug 1992
Dichlofluanid	0.03	2.7	29 May 1986
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid	0.01	1	23 Jun 2006	Two-year rat study; based on abnormal renal morphology at the next higher dose of 5 mg/kg bw/d. year dog study.	The ADI was supported by the same NOELs (based on kidney effects) observed in a 2-year mouse and 1 year dog study
Dichlorprop	0.03	3.1	9 Jul 1998	13-week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 75 ppm (3.2 mg/kg bw/day) was based on changes in clinical chemistry and kidney discolouration at the next highest dose of 300 ppm.
Dichlorprop-P	0.03	6	2 Nov 2006	18-month mice dietary study, based on an increased incidence of chronic nephropathy observed in male mice at the next highest dose and above (equal to or lower than 59 mg/kg bw/d).
2,4-dichlorprop-P	0.03	6	8 Dec 2006	18-month mouse dietary study, based on an increased incidence of chronic nephropathy observed in male mice at the next highest dose and above (greater than of equal to 59 mg/kg bw/d.
Dichlorvos	0.001	0.014 (H)	6 Apr 2004	28-day human study; based on plasma ChE inhibition at and above 0.021 mg/kg bw/d.
Dichlozoline	0.001	2.5	7 Dec 1971
Diclazuril	0.03	3	5 Dec 1990
Diclobutrazol	0.03	2.5	3 Aug 1984
Diclofop-methyl	0.002	0.25	6 Feb 1986
Dicloran	0.07	7.5 (H)	16 May 1975
Dicofol	0.001	0.12	5 Dec 1990
Dicyclanil	0.007	0.7	14 Oct 2005	A 12-month dog dietary study, based on increased plasma cholesterol levels at 4.4 mg/kg plasma cholesterol in a 3-month dog dietary study.	Increased cholesterol was reversible during recovery and was supported by consistent findings of increased plasma cholesterol in a 3-month dog dietary study
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride	0.01	1	25 Jun 1999	Developmental gavage study in rabbits; based on clinical signs observed at the next highest dose of 3 mg/kg/day.
Dieldrin	0.0001 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as dieldrin is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Diethofencarb	0.004	7.25	12 Nov 1987
Difenoconazole	0.01	1	5 Dec 1990
Difethialone	0.0000006	0.00125	19 Jul 1993
Diflubenzuron	0.02	2	14 Feb 1985
Diflufenican	0.2	16.3	11 Aug 1988
Dimethenamid-P	0.03	5 [LOEL]	12 Aug 2003	2-year dietary study in rats; based on a LOEL of 100 ppm / 5.1 mg/kg bw/d due to increased incidences of parathyroid hyperplasia at all dose levels.	A NOEL was not established due to parathyroid hyperplasia at the lowest dose tested.
Dimethipin	0.02	2.5	2 Jun 1988
Dimethirimol	0.2	18	22 Feb 1972
Dimethoate	0.02	0.2 (H)	10 Feb 1988
Dimethomorph	0.06	6	12 Jul 1996	2-generation rat reproduction study; a NOEL of 100 ppm (6 mg/kg bw/day) was based on reduced female weight gain at the next highest dose of 300 ppm.
Dimetridazole	deleted		3 Sep 2003
Diniconazole	0.002	0.4	17 Aug 1989
Dinitramine	0.1	15	9 May 1974
Dinocap	0.001	0.5	15 Jan 1993
Dinoprost	0.0005	1	17 Mar 1976
Diofenolan	0.003	5.6	20 Jul 1995	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 200 ppm (5.6 mg/kg bw/d) was based on decreased plasma bilirubin levels and increased plasma urea and creatine at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm.	High safety factor due to lack of lifetime and reproduction studies.
Dioxathion	deleted		21 Oct 2003		There is no justification to retain an ADI for dioxathion.
Diphacinone	not necessary		4 Feb 2005		ADI not necessary; given the non- food use of the chemical.
Diphenamid	0.1	10	9 Aug 1973
Diphenyl	deleted		21 Oct 2003		There is no justification to retain an ADI for diphenyl.
Diphenylamine	0.02	1.5	2 Jun 1988
Diquat	0.002	0.2	28 May 2002	2-year rat dietary study; based on lenticular cataract formation at and above 15 ppm.
Disulfoton	0.001	0.01	1 Dec 1969
Dithianon	0.007	0.66	2 Feb 1993
Dithiopyr	0.005	0.5	13 Aug 1992
Diuron	0.007	0.7	4 Feb 2005	6-month rat dietary study; based on reduced haemoglobin concentrations and increased reticulocytes at the next highest
Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid	0.25	25	9 Jul 1998	2-year dog dietary study, based on liver degeneration at the next highest dose of 125 mg/kg bw/day.
Dodine	0.1	10	26 Nov 2002	52-week oral dog study; based on increased diarrhoea, reduced food intake and body weight loss at the next highest dose of 20 mg/kg
Doramectin	0.001	0.1	14 Oct 2002	3-month gavage dog study; based on mydriasis exhibited at the next highest dose of 0.3 mg/kg/d.
Doxycycline hyclate	0.005	10	7 Jun 1978
2,2-DPA	0.2	15	17 Nov 1989
DSMA	0.0005	0.5	10 Nov 1994
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Efrotomycin	0.5	50	26 Sep 1989
Emamectin	0.002	0.25	26 Feb 1999
Endosulfan	0.006	0.6	16 May 1997	78-week dietary study in mice, 13- week dietary study in rats, 1-year dietary study in dogs, developmental study in rats.
Endothal	0.03	3.75	5 Dec 1990
Endrin	0.0002 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as endrin is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Enterococcus faecium	not necessary		4 Sep 2002		ADI not necessary; not for use in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Epoxiconazole	0.01	1	16 Apr 2002	12-month dog dietary study; based on the absence of treatment related effects at the highest dose of 40 ppm (1.1 mg/kg/day) weights at the next highest dose of 200 ppm.	Supported by a 78-week rat dietary study; a NOEL of 5 ppm (0.81 mg/kg bw/d) was based on reduced body weight gain and increased liver
Eprinomectin	0.005	1	13 Oct 1997	2-generation dietary reproduction rat study and 53-week gavage dog study; a NOEL of 6 ppm (1 mg/kg/day) was based on tremors in rat pups at the next highest dose of 18 ppm, and mydriasis and neuronal degeneration in the brain in dogs at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg
EPTC	0.09	9	12 Jan 1995	2-year oral rat study; based on clinical and pathological effects indicative of neuromuscular toxicity at the next highest dose of 18 mg/kg/d.
Esbiothrin	0.03	3	15 Sep 1993
Esfenvalerate	0.008	7.5	17 Mar 1993
Etaconazole	0.05	5	3 Aug 1984
Ethametsulfuron-methyl	0.2	21	17 Jan 2001	2-year rat feeding study. A NOEL of 500 ppm (21 mg/kg bw/day) was based on reduced serum sodium levels in both sexes and enlarged mammary glands in females at the next highest dose of 5000 ppm.
1,2-Ethanediamine polymer with (chloromethyl) oxirane and N-methylmethanamine	not necessary		9 Dec 2003		ADI not necessary; as it is not intended for use in food production.
Ethephon	0.02	0.17(H)	18 Feb 1987
Ethion	0.001	0.1	10 Jun 1987
Ethofumesate	0.3	30	11 Nov 1976
Ethoprophos	0.0003	0.03	11 Aug 1988
Ethoxyquin	0.001	2.5 [LOEL]	21 Feb 2000	Reproduction study in dogs; based on clinical signs and histological changes in the liver at the LOEL of 100 ppm (2.5 mg/kg bw/d).	ADI is based on the 1998 JMPR evaluation but with the application of additional safety factors due to inadequate data and the lack of a clear NOEL in any suitable study.
Ethoxysulfuron	0.06	6.2	12 May 2004	3-month dietary dog study (1993); NOEL (200 ppm in the diet) based on thyroid follicular hyperplasia and increased thyroid weight at 14 mg/kg bw/d (400 ppm) in another 3-month dog dietary study (1991).
Ethyl formate	3		26 Nov 2003	2 generation rat reproduction study. Rats dosed with 0.4% (approximately equivalent to 300-400 mg/kg/day) calcium formate in drinking water, with no treatment related findings resulting. findings related was considered	No oral repeat dose studies were appropriate for setting an ADI. Formic acid is likely to produce toxic effects in humans, so the 2- generation reproduction study in rats where no treatment-related
Etofenprox	0.03	3.1	15 Dec 1993
Etoxazole	0.04	4	17 Dec 2003	2-year rat study and a 12-month dog study, based on liver toxicity at the next highest dose of 16 mg/kg/d in male rats, and increased liver weights and hepatocellular swelling at the next highest dose of 23.5 mg/kg/d in male dogs.	The NOELs for the rat and dog studies were 4 and 4.6 mg/kg/d, respectively (in males).
Etridiazole	0.03	3	30 Aug 1991
Etrimfos	0.001	0.1	2 May 1985
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Famphur	0.00002	0.0375	4 Mar 1975
Febantel	0.02	2	15 Jul 1996	2-generation developmental rat study; a NOEL of 20 ppm (2 mg/kg bw/day) was based on changes in hepatic morphology in parental animals and pups at the next highest dose of 100 ppm.
Fenamiphos	0.0001	0.014	7 Nov 2005	Inhibition of plasma ChE activity in a 2-year dog study at the next highest dose of 0.036 mg/kg bw/d	Supported by a NOEL of 0.011 mg/kg bw/d for plasma ChE inhibition in a 6-month dog study.
Fenarimol	0.01	1	5 Dec 1990
Fenazaflor	0.02	2.5	8 Dec 1970
Fenbendazole	0.05	5	14 Feb 1991
Fenbutatin-oxide	0.01	1	10 Sep 1987
Fenchlorphos	deleted		21 Oct 2003		There is no justification to retain an ADI for fenchlorphos
Fenfuram	0.1	10	16 Jun 1986
Fenhexamide	0.2	17.4	16 Dec 1998	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 500 ppm (17.4 mg/kg bw/day) was based on increased adrenal weight parameters, the presence of intracytoplasmic vacuoles in the adrenal cortex, and alterations in RBC, Hb and Hct at the next highest dose of 3500 ppm.
Fenitrothion	0.002	0.2	6 Nov 1997	Dog 1-year dietary study; based on plasma ChE inhibition. LOEL for erythrocyte ChE was 1.6 mg/kg bw/d.
Fenoxaprop-ethyl	0.004	0.4	14 Feb 1991
Fenoxycarb	0.05	5	29 Oct 1998	18-month mouse dietary mouse study; a NOEL of 50 ppm (5 mg/kg//day) was based on increased liver weight, increased incidence of pulmonary tumours and decreased body weight at the next highest dose of 500 ppm.
Fenpiclonil	0.01	1.2	20 Jun 1991
Fenpyroximate	0.005	0.5	24 May 1993
Fensulfothion	0.003	0.025	15 Feb 1973
Fenthion	0.002	0.02 (H)	30 Apr 2004	28-day human study; based on plasma and ChE inhibition at 0.07 mg/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested.
Fentin	deleted		21 Oct 2003		There is no justification to retain an ADI for fentin.
Fenvalerate	0.02	1.7	10 Jun 1987
Fipronil	0.0002	0.02	27 Jun 1994	Chronic/carcinogenicity dietary study of fipronil in rats, based on clinical signs of neurotoxicity, increased thyroid weight, decreased T4 levels, and increased severity of progressive senile nephropathy at the next highest dose of 0.06 mg/kg	This is a group value to cover fipronil, desulfinyl fipronil, fipronil suphide and fipronil sulphone.
Firocoxib	not necessary		1 Sep 2004		ADI not necessary; not for use in food-producing animals.
Flamprop-methyl	0.001	0.125	29 Aug 1991
Flavophospholipol	0.3		14 Sep 2001		see: Bambermycin
Flocoumafen	0.000001	0.0014	20 Sep 1995	90-day repeat dose study in rats; a NOEL of 0.02 ppm (0.0014 mg/kg bw) was based on increased levels of serum cholesterol at the next highest dose of 0.05 ppm.	Large safety factor due to lack of chronic study.
Florasulam	0.05	5	20 Dec 2007	1-year dietary study in dogs, based on histopathological findings in the kidneys in both sexes at the next highest dose of 50 mg/kg bw/d (Stebbins & Haut, 1997). This NOEL selection is supported by a shorter 3-month dietary study in dogs with the same endpoint and NOEL of 5 mg/kg bw/d (Stebbins, 1995).	The effect of florasulam in mammals was an increased incidence and severity of a histopathological lesion classified as hypertrophy of type-A epithelial cells lining the collecting ducts of the kidney.
Florfenicol	0.001	1	3 Aug 2001	12-month oral dog study; based on increased liver weight and cystic epithelial hyperplasia of the gall bladder at the next highest dose of 3 mg/kg bw/d.	High safety factor due to the absence of a NOEL in a two-year dietary rat study (LOEL 3 mg/kg
Fluazifop-butyl	0.003	0.3	5 Aug 1982
Fluazinam	0.004	0.4	18 Jun 1993
Fluazuron	0.04	4.27	14 Sep 1993
Flubendiamide	0.01 mg/kg bw	1.0	14 Dec 2007	1-year rat study, based on hepatoxicity and microcytic anaemia at the nex highest dose of 2.4 mg/kg bw/d.	1 mg/kg bw/d = 20 ppm 2.4 mg/kg bw/d = 50 ppm
Fluchloralin	0.003	5.25	15 Nov 1973
Flucythrinate	0.02	1.6	11 Mar 1994
Fludioxonil	0.03	3.1	23 Apr 1997	2- year rat study and 52-week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 100 ppm (3.7 mg/kg bw/d in rats and 3.1 mg/kg bw/d in dogs) was based on clinical signs, discoloured urine and reduced body weight gain in rats and blue faeces, discoloured digestive tract and reduced body weight gain in dogs at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm
Flufenoxuron	0.02	2.5	21 Jan 1997	12-month dog dietary study; a NOEL of 100 ppm (2.5 mg/kg bw/d) was based on haemolytic anaemia and microscopic liver pathology at the next highest dose of 500 ppm.
Flugestone acetate	0.0001	0.2	19 Feb 1981
Flumethrin	0.003	0.31	18 Oct 2001	2-generation rat reproduction study; a NOEL of 5 ppm (0.25 mg/kg bw/day in males, 0.31 mg/kg bw/day in females) was based on clinical signs, reduced food consumption and reduced body weight gain (parental effects) and decreased birth weight, pup survival and weight gain (reproductive effects) at the next highest dose of 50 ppm.
Flumetsulam	1	100	14 Feb 1992
Flumiclorac pentyl	0.30	32	8 Dec 2004	18-month study in mice; a NOEL of 300 ppm (32 mg/kg bw/d) was based on haematological changes, weight and histopathological changes in the liver in males 3000 ppm and
Flumioxazin	0.003	3	12 Dec 2002	Developmental oral rat study; based on increased incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities at the next highest dose of 10 mg/kg	High safety factor due to nature and irreversibility of treatment related effects.
Flunixin meglumine	0.006	0.6	29 Sep 2000	2-year oncogenicity study in mice; based on higher incidences of haematopoiesis in the liver and kidney at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg/day.
Fluometuron	0.02	2	16 Feb 1989
Flupropanate	0.002	5	10 Sep 1987
Fluquinconazole	0.005	0.5	2 Jul 1997	2-year rat study and a 1-year dog study; a NOEL of 10 ppm (0.5 mg/kg bw/d) was based on mortality, elevated food and water consumption, reduced body weight gains and increased relative organ weights in rats at the next highest dose of 100 ppm, and clinical signs in dogs at the next highest dose of 15 mg/kg bw/d
Fluroxypyr	0.2	20	6 Feb 1986
Flusilazole	0.002	0.2	18 Feb 1987
Flutolanil	0.02	2	16 Oct 2001	24-month rat dietary study; a NOEL of 40 ppm (2 mg/kg bw/day) was based on an increased albumin:globulin ratio in males, and reduced bilirubin and dilation of the sinusoid in the liver in females at the next highest dose of 200 ppm.
Flutriafol	0.01	1	20 Jun 1991
Fluvalinate	0.005	0.5	5 Nov 1986
Fluxofenim	0.0005	1	9 Aug 1994
Forchlorfenuron	0.07	7	15 Apr 2005	2-year rat study; A NOEL of 150 ppm (7 mg/kg bw) was based on macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the kidneys at the next highest dose of 2000 ppm.
Formetanate	0.004	0.37	25 Oct 1993
Formothion	deleted		21 Oct 2003		There is no justification to retain an ADI for formothion.
Fosamine	0.01	25	2 Jun 1988
Fosetyl aluminium	1	103	18 Feb 1987
Furathiocarb	0.003	0.35	20 Jun 1991
Furazolidone	deleted		2 Dec 2003		Use of furazolidone in food- producing animals has been withdrawn. Therefore, an ADI for this compound is not necessary.
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Gentamicin	0.05	5	6 May 1983
Gibberellic acid	5	550	13 Jan 1993
Glufosinate	0.007	0.67	11 Aug 1988
Glufosinate ammonium	0.02	2.1	28 Aug 2001	2 1/2 year rat dietary study; based on inhibition of glutamine synthetase activity in the liver and brain, and decreased glutathione levels in the liver and blood.
Glyoxime	0.001	0.1	7 May 1981
Glyphosate	0.3	30	14 Feb 1985
Guazatine	0.006	0.625	25 Mar 1997	52-week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 25ppm (0.625 mg/kg bw/day) was based on reduced body weight gains and food consumption in females at the next highest dose of
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Halofuginone	0.0003	0.025	16 Jun 2006	The ADI was set from a rabbit development study in which the NOEL was 0.025 mg halofuginone base/kg bw/d. The LOEL, 0.075 mg halofuginone base/kg bw/d, was also the highest dose tested. Maternotoxic effects noted at this dose included: lowered body weight gain and food consumption, mortality and abortions. No direct consequences on the embryofoetal development were noted.	The rabbit was the most sensitive species.
Halosulfuron-methyl	0.01	1	19 Nov 1993
Haloxyfop	0.0003	0.03	12 Nov 1987
Heptachlor	0.0005 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as heptachlor is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Hexaconazole	0.005	0.5	17 May 1990
Hexaflumuron	0.02	2	31 Aug 2001
Hexaflurate	0.01	25	16 May 1975
Hexazinone	0.1	10	12 Nov 1987
Hexythiazox	0.03	3	29 May 1986
Hydroprene	0.5	50	28 Oct 1994
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Imazalil	0.03	2.5	24 Jul 1997	12-month dog study; based on decreased body weights, and increased relative liver weights, serum AP and GGT levels at the next highest dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Imazamox	2.8	282	11 Mar 1999	1-year dog dietary study; a NOEL of 10,000 ppm (282 mg/kg//day) was based on elevated CPK at the next highest dose of 40,000 ppm.
Imazapic	0.3	137	17 May 1996	1-year dog dietary study; a NOEL of 5000 ppm (137 mg/kg/day) was based on reduced haematocrit, haemoglobin and RBC levels at the next highest dose of 20,000 ppm.
Imazapyr	2.5	250	2 Jun 1998	12-month dog dietary study; based on the absence of signs of toxicity at the highest dose of 10,000 ppm (250 mg/kg/day).
Imazaquin	0.25	25	18 Feb 1987
Imazethapyr	2.8	276	22 Feb 1990
Imidacloprid	0.06	6	8 Feb 1993
Imidocarb	0.05	5	16 Aug 1979
Iminoctadine trialbesilate	0.004	0.4	22 Dec 2004	52-week dietary study in dogs; based on reduced epididymus weight and increased prostate weight in males, and an increased incidence of kidney histopathology in both sexes at the next highest dose of 0.9 mg/kg bw/day.
Imiprothrin	0.05	5	30 Sep 1996	12-month oral dog study; based on increased salivation and liquid faeces and increased microscopic pathology in the liver, at the next highest dose of 50mg/kg bw/day.
Indoxacarb	0.01	1	21 Aug 2006	1-year dog study (NOEL = 1.1 mg/kg bw/d) bw/d) and (2) Two-generation rat dietary study (NOEL = 1.25 mg/kg bw/d).	Also supported by; (1) 2-year rat dietary study (NOEL = 1.04 mg/kg bw/d) and (2) Two-generation rat dietary study (NOEL = 1.25 mg/kg bw/d).
Iodofenphos	0.0002	0.34	9 May 1974
Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium	0.03	3	29 Sep 2000	2-year rat dietary study; a NOEL of 70 ppm (3 mg/kg bw/day) was based on reduced bodyweight gains at the next highest dose of 700 ppm.
Ioxynil	0.004	0.04	18 Feb 1987
Iprodione	0.04	4	16 Jun 1986
Isocarbophos	0.0002	0.03	16 May 1975
Isoeugenol	0.2	500	20 Aug 1996	16-week dietary rat study; based on the absence of signs of toxicity at the highest dose of 10000 ppm (500 mg/kg bw/day).	High safety factor due to lack of developmental and reproductive studies, lack of direct data, and the inadequacy of the study from which the NOEL must be set.
Isofenphos	0.0005	0.05	10 Feb 1988
Isoxaben	0.05	5	9 Aug 1995	2-year dietary rat study; based on renal pathology at the next highest dose of 51 mg/kg bw/d.
Isoxaflutole	0.02	2	6 May 1997	2-year rat dietary study; based on histological alterations of the liver, nerves and skeletal muscle, and cornea effects at the next highest dose of 20 mg/kg/day.	Supported by a 2-generation rat reproduction study; a NOEL of 2 mg/kg bw/day for maternal and pup toxicity was based on increased liver weights and altered liver histology, and reduced pup viability at the next highest dose of 200 mg/kg bw/day.
Ivermectin	0.001	0.1	16 Oct 1998	Mouse developmental study; based on maternotoxicity at the next highest dose of 0.2 mg/kg bw.
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Ketoprofen	0.001	0.1	8 Dec 2000
Kitasamycin	0.5	1000	22 Mar 1979
Krenite	0.5	1000	5 Aug 1976
Kresoxim-methyl	0.4	36	25 Jun 1999	24-month oral rat study; a NOEL of 800 ppm (36 mg/kg bw/day) was based on lower body weight, increased liver weight, elevated enzyme activity and liver changes at the next highest dose of 8000 ppm.
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Lactobacillus acidophilus	not necessary			4 Sep 2002	ADI not necessary.
Lactobacillus brevis	not necessary			4 Sep 2002	ADI not necessary.
Lactobacillus casei	not necessary			4 Sep 2002	ADI not necessary.
Lactobacillus plantarum	not necessary			4 Sep 2002	ADI not necessary.
Laidlomycin	0.001	2	2 Dec 1988
Lambdacyhalothrin	0.001	0.1	5 Dec 1990
Lasalocid	0.001	2	9 Feb 1977
Lenacil	0.13	12.5	7 Dec 1972
Leptophos	0.005	0.5	7 Dec 1972
Levamisole	0.003	6	14 Nov 1974
Lincomycin	1	100	5 Aug 1983
Lindane	0.003	0.31	5 Nov 1986
Linuron	0.01	1.25	11 Sep 1986
Lufenuron	0.02	2.1	4 Mar 1994
Lysocellin sodium	0.002	3	14 Feb 1992
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Maduramicin	0.001	0.1	5 Nov 1986
Maldison	0.02	2	12 Apr 2005	2-year rat study; based on inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity at higher doses.	The LOEL in the rat study was 29 mg/kg bw/d.
Maleic hydrazide	5	571	5 Jan 1993
Mancozeb	0.006	0.6	27 Nov 1992
MCPA	0.01	1.1	28 Apr 1994
MCPB	0.01	1.1	12 May 1994
Mebendazole	0.08	8	14 Feb 1975
Mecoprop	0.01	1	3 Jul 1998
Mecoprop-P	0.04	4	17 Jan 2001	18-month dietary study in mice. A NOEL of 25 ppm (4 mg/kg/day) was based on increased kidney weights and chronic nephropathy in females at the next highest dose of 250 ppm.
Mefenpyr-diethyl	0.03	2.8	13 May 1997	87-week oral mouse study; a NOEL of 20 ppm (2.8 mg/kg/d) was based on hepatocellular hypertrophy in males at the next highest dose of 100 ppm.
Mefluidide	0.25	25	1 Dec 1988
Melengestrol acetate	0.00005	0.005	6 Jan 2000	Chronic oral study in monkeys. A hormonal NOEL of 5 ug/kg/day (0.005 mg/kg/day) was based on changes in hormonal and menstrual cycle variables at the next highest dose of 10 ug/kg/day.
Meloxicam	0.0001	0.125 [LOEL]	5 Feb 1999	Gavage rat peri- and postnatal study; based on clinical signs, longer gestation and partuition, and decrease in the number of live pups and pup viability at the LOEL of 0.125 mg/kg bw from day 17 of gestation to day 21 of lactation.	High safety factor due to use of LOEL.
Mepiquat	0.15	15	30 Aug 1991
Mesosulfuron-methyl	1	100	27 May 2002
Metalaxyl	0.03	3	7 May 1981
Metaldehyde	0.005	5	11 Sep 1986
Metarhizium Anisopliae var. Acridum (isolate FI-985)	not established		4 Sep 2003		ADI not established; due to inadequate data.
Methabenzthiazuron	0.004	7.5	22 Jul 1969
Methacrifos	0.007	0.07	10 Jun 1987
Methamidophos	0.0003	0.03	30 Jan 2004	Rat 8-week dietary study; based on plasma, erythrocyte and brain ChE inhibition at the next highest dose of 0.06 mg/kg bw/d.
Methazole	0.0004	0.75	10 Feb 1988
Methfuroxam	0.002	3	10 Nov 1977
Methidathion	0.002	0.16	31 May 2004	90-day dog dietary studies; NOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/d) based on evidence of liver cholestasis and inhibition of RBC ChE activity at the next highest dose of 1.96 mg/kg
Methiocarb	0.002	0.2	1 Mar 2000	2-year dog study; based on plasma ChE depression and reduced food consumption observed at the next highest dose of 9.6 mg/kg bw/day and sexes and reduced food consumption in females observed at the next highest dose of 2.4 mg/kg
Methomyl	0.01	1.25	14 Feb 1991
Methoprene	0.4	35	14 Jan 2000	18-month study in mice; a NOEL of 250 ppm (35 mg/kg bw/day) was based on deposition of pigmentation in the liver at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm.
Methoxychlor	0.1 (TDI)	JMPR'94	21 Oct 2003		Tolerable daily intake. Traditional ADI not maintained as methoxychlor is no longer used in agricultural practice and does not have industrial sponsors. Numerical tox. end-point maintained to serve as a guideline with which potential dietary intakes can be compared.
Methoxyfenozide	0.1	10	12 Jan 2001	89-99 week rat dietary study and 52- week dog dietary study; a NOEL of 200 ppm (10 mg/kg bw/day) was based on reduced erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels and increased liver weights in rats at the next highest dose of