Office of Chemical Safety

Acute Reference Doses for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals as of 31 December 2012

This document sets out the acute reference doses (in units of mg/kg bodyweight) for agricultural and veterinary chemicals used on food producing crops or animals, and is current at 31 December 2012

Current as of 31 December 2012

Printable version of Acute Reference Doses for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (PDF 201 KB)

© Commonwealth of Australia 2009

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The Office of Chemical Safety
Office of Health Protection
Department of Health and Ageing
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ARfD List

The ‘ARfD List’ provides a tabulation of acute reference doses (ARfDs; in units of mg/kg bodyweight) for each agricultural or veterinary (agvet) chemical listed, together with the NOEL (no-observed-effect level) and safety factor used. The ‘Study Details’ column provides information about the study, including study type, the LOEL (lowest-observed-effect level) and the toxicology observations upon which the NOEL and LOEL were based. The ‘Comments’ column may (1) provide further information about the basis for establishing a particular ARfD; (2) advise that an ARfD is not necessary (eg. the compound has very low acute toxicity) or not warranted (eg. the compound is not intended for application to crops or food-producing animals); (3) indicate that the ARfD has been adopted from that set by the WHO/FAO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR); or (4) provide any other relevant information. The ‘Date Set’ column indicates when particular ARfDs were set by the Office of Health Protection’s Office of Chemical Safety.

For some chemicals, longer-term rather than acute dosing studies have been used to establish the ARfD. In these cases, the NOEL was selected on the basis of toxicological effects observed after a single dose.

Compound	Country	Date Set	ARfD (mg/kg bw)	Safety Factor	NOEL (mg/kg/bw) or [LOEL]	Study Details	Comments
1,2-Ethanediamine polymer with (chloromethyl) oxirane and N-methylmethanamine	Australia	09/12/2003					ARfD not necessary; as it is not intended for use in food production.
1-Methylcyclopropene	Australia	10/10/2003					There was insufficient information to establish an ARfD, however, based on its proposed pattern of use the dietary intake is likely to be low.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid	Australia	12/09/2006	0.8	100	75	Acute neurotoxcity study in rats; gait/coordination effects and decreased motor activity at 250 mg/kg bw.
2,4-dichlorprop-P	Australia	18/09/2006	0.2	100	20	Developmental effects observed, but only in the presence of maternotoxicity. An increased incidence of skeletal variations classified as rudimentary cervical ribs were observed in rat foetuses at the LOEL and above (greater than or equal to 80 mg/kg bw/d).
Abamectin	Australia	18/11/2003	0.005	100	0.5	Based on foetal abnormalities (clubbed forefeet) at the next highest dose of 1 mg/kg bw/d in a rabbit developmental study and using a 100-fold safety factor.
Acetamiprid	Australia	27/07/2001	0.1	100	10	Rat single-dose gavage neurotoxicity study – reductions in locomotor activity at the next highest dose of 30 mg/kg bw.
Acetyl isovaleryltylosin tartrate	Australia	21/08/2006	1.86	200	360	The ARfD was 1.86 mg/kg bw based on the clinical signs observed at the lowest dose of 360 mg/kg bw in an acute oral study in mice and a 200-fold safety factor.
Acibenzolar-S-methyl	Australia	23/04/2002	0.01	1000	[10]	Haemorrhagic discharge in dams at LOEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d in a rat developmental study.
Aldicarb	Australia	15/12/1999	0.001	10	0.01	Human acute study; significant and dose-related RBC AchE inhibition at the next highest dose of 0.025 mg/kg bw.
Amicarbazone	Australia	20/04/2006	0.1	100	10
Aminopyralid	Australia	28/09/2005	0.3	100	26	Based on a developmental toxicity study in rabbits using a 100-fold safety factor.
Atrazine	Australia	05/12/2000					ARfD not necessary; low acute toxicity.
Azadirachtin	Australia	28/05/2004					ARfD not established; insufficient information.
Azafenidin	Australia	04/07/2001	0.016	1000	16	Increased incidence of resorptions (predominantly early), reduced bodyweights for viable fetuses, and an increased incidence of skeletal variations in a rat developmental study at the next highest dose of 24 mg/kg bw/d.
Azimsulfuron	Australia	09/09/2002	1.5	100	150	Rabbit gavage developmental study; deaths occurred in those animals exhibiting severe weight loss as well as a rapid decrease in food consumption at the next highest dose of 500 mg/kg bw/d.
Azinphos-methyl	Australia	05/12/2000	0.075	10	0.75	No RBC AchE inhibition or clinical signs at 0.75 mg/kg bw (F) and up to 1 mg/kg bw (M) in an acute human study.
Bacillus licheniformis	Australia	09/05/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are not used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362	Australia	09/05/2003					ARfD not established; appropriate toxicological studies were not available.
Bacillus subtilis	Australia	09/05/2002					ARfD is not necessary; the micro-organisms are not used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1 (strain MPPL 002)	Australia	28/08/2003					ARfD not necessary; compound is a naturally occurring organism and residues from its use on sheep are likely to be indistinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.
Benomyl	Australia	12/02/2003	0.06	100	6.25	In three developmental studies in rats in which benomyl was given by gavage, a clear NOEL for micro-/anopthalmia was 6.25 mg/kg bw/d. This developmental anomaly can potentially arise following a single exposure during foetal organogenesis.
Bentonite (Montmorillonite sodium)	Australia	13/05/2002					ARfD not necessary; low acute toxicity.  Acute intake of residues unlikely to present risk.
Beta-cypermethrin	Australia	19/03/2002	0.05	100	4.7	Clinical signs (whole body tremors, head nodding, “lip-licking”, subduedness, ataxia, agitation and a high-stepping gait) in 3-mo dog feeding study.
Bifenazate	Australia	12/12/2002	0.3	100	33	The NOEL (200 ppm; equal to 33.9/46.7 mg/kg bw in males/females) was based on clinical signs in a 4 week dietary study in mice, seen at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm (154.8/180 mg/kg bw/d in males/females).
Bupivacaine	Australia	10/06/2008	1.5			In the absence of suitable data to permit a more refined estimate of the acute reference doses, the ARfD was considered to be equivalent to the ADI.
Buprofezin	Australia	31/10/2006	0.5	100	50	Based on a developmental study in rabbits, incorporating a safety factor of 100
Boscalid	Australia	15/08/2003	3	100	300	Developmental studies in rats and rabbits; based on foetal ossification effects at the next highest dose of 1000 mg/kg/day in both species.
Butafenacil	Australia	19/11/2001					ARfD not necessary; low toxicity following single dose and short-term administration in animals, including studies on developmental and neurotoxicity.
Captan	Australia	18/05/2007	0.1	100	10	Incresed skeletal variants in foetuses at the next highest dose of 30 mg/kg bw/d.	Maternotoxicity NOEL was also 10 mg/kg bw/d based on reduced body weight and food consumption in dams.
Carbaryl	Australia	13/12/2002	0.01	100	1	13-week rat subchronic neurotoxicity study; based on behavioural indications of autonomic neurotoxicity and brain, plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase depression and development at the LOEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d.
Carbendazim	Australia	15/02/2011	0.05	1000	50	Testicular toxicity observed in an acute male reproductive study in rats following single-dose gavage dose of 50 mg/kg bw, the lowest dose tested	The ARfD is also supported by an acute in vivo genotoxicity study, with increased frequencies of micronuclei were observed in spermatids at a LOEL of 50 mg/kg bw
Cefovecin sodium	Australia	08/12/2006					Because the product is intended to be used by veterinary professionals or under their supervision, in non-food producing animals, an establishment of an ADI or ARfD for cefovecin sodium was not considered necessary.
Cephalexin	Australia	22/11/2000					ARfD not necessary; therapeutic dose for adults ranges between 1-4 g/day.
Cetrimide	Australia	10/06/2008	1.5			In the absence of suitable data to permit a more refined estimate of the acute reference doses, the ARfD was considered to be equivalent to the ADI.
Chlorfenvinphos	Australia	05/12/2000	0.02	100	1.9	Inhibition of RBC AchE activity in a 14-day mouse study. LOEL = 20.3 mg/kg bw.
Chlormequat	Australia	23/06/2005	0.07	100	7.5	2-year dietary dog study; a NOEL of 300 ppm (7.5 mg/kg bw/day) was based on excessive salivation and muscle weakness at the next highest dose of 1000 ppm.
Chlorpyrifos	Australia	05/12/2000	0.1	10	1	Single-dose human study; based on inhibition of RBC AchE activity. LOEL = 2.0 mg/kg bw.
Cinmethylin	Australia	20/08/2003	0.3	100	30	Rat developmental study; maternal NOEL based on clinical signs at the next highest dose of 300 mg/kg/d, including excess salivation and urine stained abdominal fur.
Clothianidin	Australia	01/08/2003	0.2	100	25	Irwin screen CNS effects test in mice and a developmental study in rabbits; based on depressed motor activity at the next highest dose of 50 mg/kg bw; and deaths/moribund sacrifices and/or clinical signs at the next highest dose of 75 mg/kg bw/d.
Codling Moth Granulosis Virus	Australia	25/11/2002	0	0			ARfD not necessary; unlikely to be pathogenic to humans or to present a toxicological hazard to consumers of treated produce.
Copper pyrithione	Australia	02/10/2009					An ARfD is not considered necessary because copper pyrithione has a low acute oral toxicity in monkeys with an LD50 of >1000mg/kg bw/d
Cyclodextrins	Australia	31/07/2003					ARfD not necessary; compound has low acute toxicity.
Cyflufenamid	Australia	29/05/2012	0.1	100	10	The ARfD was established at 0.1 mg/kg bw based on a NOEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d from an oral rabbit developmental study for both maternal (decreased body weight gain and food consumption) and developmental toxicity (increased minor skeletal variations/abnormalities) and using a default 100-fold safety factor.
Cyhalofop-butyl	Australia	28/01/2005	0.03	100	3	13-week rat study; based on liver effects following one week of treatment, at the next highest dose of 10 mg/kg bw/d.
Derquantel	Australia	27/05/2011	0.01	100	1	The ARfD for derquantel was established at 0.01 mg/kg bw based on a NOEL of 1 mg/kg bw in an acute oral toxicity study in dogs and using a 100-fold safety factor.
Diazinon	Australia	20/12/2002	0.01	20	0.2	Single-dose human study, with significant RBC AchE inhibition at the next highest dose of 0.21 mg/kg bw.	Additional safety factor of 2 because of the limited nature of the study and the closeness of the NOEL and LOEL.
Dichlorprop-P	Australia	18/09/2006	0.2	100	20	Developmental effects were observed, but only in the presence of maternotoxicity. An increased incidence of skeletal variations classified as rudimentary cervical ribs were observed in rat foetuses at the LOEL and above (greater than or equal to 80 mg/kg
Dichlorvos	Australia	06/04/2004	0.1	10	1	Single oral dose study in human males; based on no inhibition of RBC ChE activity at 1 mg/kg bw, the only dose tested.
Difethialone	Australia	17/04/2007	0.0005	1000	0.48	Based on an acute oral toxicity study in rats
Dimethenamid-P	Australia	12/08/2003	0.25	100	25	Rat developmental study (dimethenamid-P) and a rat 4-day oral study (racemic dimethenamid); based on foetal toxicity signs at the next highest dose of 150 mg/kg bw/d in rats and liver toxicity at 100 mg/kg bw/d and above in the short-term study.	Note that dimethenamid-P, the S-isomer, and racemic compound had equivalent toxic effects at similar dose levels.
Dimethoate	Australia	23/11/2010	0.02	10	0.2	The NOEL of 0.2 mg/kg/bw/d for ChE inhibition in whole blood observed in the human volunteer study, with a 10-fold safety factor for intra-species variation.
Diphacinone	Australia	04/02/2005					ARfD not necessary; non-food use chemical.
Diquat	Australia	28/05/2002	0.05	500	26.5	Dog acute oral study; Clinical signs observed at 53 mg/kg bw.	Additional safety factor because of the uncertainty surrounding possible reversibility of GIT effects. 8 days after a single dose of 26.5 mg/kg bw.
Dirlotapide	Australia	30/04/2008				This product is to be used only as a veterinary medicine in non-food producing animals and the establishment of an ADI and ARfD is not considered necessary.
Doramectin	Australia	14/10/2002	0.02	100	1.5	Maternal toxicity was observed at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bw/d in a rabbit develop. Study with major malformations (cleft palate, phocomelia, syndactyly and coelosomia) observed in fetuses at 3 mg/kg bw/d and delayed ossification observed at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bw/d.
Diuron	Australia	Feb 2005	0.007	100	0.7	A 6-month rat dietary study.
Endosulfan	Australia	05/12/2000	0.02	100	2	Developmental effects, reduced food consumption and clinical signs (tonoclonic convulsions, hypersalivation) in a rat developmental study. LOEL = 6.0 mg/kg bw/d.
Enterococcus faecium	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; not for use in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Epoxiconazole	Australia	16/04/2002	0.2	100	20	Developmental studies revealed an increased incidence of resorptions in rabbits and skeletal variations (rudimentary ribs) in rats at 45 and 80 mg/kg bw/d.	NOEL was 15 mg/kg bw/d in rats and 20 mg/kg bw/d in rabbits.
Ethametsulfuron-methyl	Australia	17/01/2001					ARfD not necessary; low toxicity following single dose and short-term administration in animals, including studies on developmental toxicity.
Ethoxysulfuron	Australia	12/05/2004	0.2	100	25	Rabbit developmental study; based on decreased or no defecation at the next highest dose of 63 mg/kg bw/d and above.
Ethyl formate	Australia	26/11/2003					ARfD not established; there were no suitable studies on which to base an ARfD.
Etoxazole	Australia	17/12/2003	25	100	2500	Acute oral micronucleus test in mice; based on clinical signs (piloerection, hunched posture, abnormal gait and lethargy) at the next highest dose of 5000 mg/kg bw.	The ARfD is also supported by an acute oral single dose study in mice, with clinical signs observed at 5000 mg/kg bw.
Fenamiphos	Australia	7/11/2005	0.003	100	0.25	Inhibition of RBC AchE activity in an acute oral dosing study in dogs at the next highest dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw
Fenbuconazole	Australia	14/04/2003	0.2	100	20	4-week dog dietary study. NOEL selected on the basis of transient weight loss and clinical chemistry changes at the next highest dose of 40 mg/kg bw/d.
Fenitrothion	Australia	05/12/2000	0.03	10	0.33	No inhibition of plasma and RBC ChE activity in a single-dose human study.  LOEL >0.33 mg/kg bw.
Fenthion	Australia	19/10/2000	0.007	10	0.07	No inhibition of RBC AchE at 0.07 mg/kg bw/d for 28 days (capsule) in male volunteers (highest dose tested).	Supported by a NOEL of 0.7 mg/kg bw in an acute oral neurotoxicity study in rats (LOEL = 50 mg/kg bw).
Fipronil	Australia	19/06/2006	0.02	100	2.5	Combined NOEL from two acute oral neurotoxicity studies of fipronil in rats, based on reduced footsplay at the next highest dose of 5 mg/kg bw.	This is a group value to cover fipronil, desulfinyl fipronil, fipronil sulphide and fipronil sulphone.
Firocoxib	Australia	01/09/2004					ARfD not necessary; not for use in food-producing animals.
Florasulam	Australia	26/05/2009					ARfD was not established as it was considered unlikely to present an acute hazard.
Florfenicol	Australia	04/01/2001					ARfD not necessary; structural analogs of florfenicol have a long history of therapeutic use without acute effects.
Flumethrin	Australia	04/09/2001					ARfD not established; not possible to establish an ARfD from available acute studies.
Flumiclorac pentyl	Australia	08/12/2004					ARfD not necessary; has no significant toxicity after a single or few doses.
Flumioxazin	Australia	12/12/2002	0.03	100	3	NOEL was based on embryo/foetal developmental toxicity in a rat oral developmental study with increased incidences of cardiovascular abnormalities at the next highest dose of 10mg/kg bw/d.
Flunixin meglumine	Australia	01/08/2002	0.02	100	2	6-week study in rats; clinical signs (reduced activity) at the next highest dose of 4mg/kg bw/d.
Flutolanil	Australia	28/08/2001					ARfD not necessary; compound has low toxicity after acute and short-term administration.
Gamma-cyhalothrin	Australia	12/08/2003	0.005	100	0.5	Rat developmental study; based on clinical signs of toxicity, decreased body weight gains and food consumption, observed in dams at the next highest dose of 2 mg/kg bw/day.
Glufosinate ammonium	Australia	28/08/2001					ARfD not necessary; low acute oral toxicity.
Halofuginone	Australia	16/06/2006	0.0003	100	0.025	No studies have been submitted that are suitable for setting an ARfD. Therefore the same study and NOEL that was used to set the ADI was also used to set the ARfD.
Hexaflumuron	Australia	31/08/2001					ARfD not necessary; compound has low acute toxicity.
Imazalil	Australia	29/01/2007	0.05	100	5.0	Based on two developmental studies in rabbits
Iminoctadine trialbesilate	Australia	22/12/2004					ARfD not necessary; clinical signs were only observed in mice and rats at 1260 mg/kg bw and no adverse effects were observed in rats at 800 mg/kg bw.
Indoxacarb	Australia	30/05/2008	0.1	100	12.5	Based on an acute neurotoxicty study in rats.
Ivermectin	Australia	29/07/2003	0.01	10	0.15	Human therapeutic study; based on dose of 0.15 mg/kg bw, at which level no teratogenicity or significant ivermectin related toxicity appear to have been observed across some millions of patients over a period of many years.	A number of studies in humans support the selection of the 0.15 mg/kg bw dose.
Ketoprofen	Australia	29/09/2000	0.001	100	0.1	Inhibition of platelet aggregation in rabbits after single dose. LOEL= 0.5 mg/kg bw.
Lactobacillus acidophilus	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Lactobacillus brevis	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Lactobacillus casei	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Lactobacillus plantarum	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Lignocaine	Australia	10/06/2008	0.009			In the absence of suitable data to permit a more refined estimate of the acute reference doses, the ARfD was considered to be equivalent to the ADI.
Mandipropamid	Australia	09/04/2010					An ARfD is not necessary because mandipropamid has no significant toxicity after a single or few doses.
Maldison	Australia	12/04/2005	1.5	10	15	Acute oral study in humans; based on inhibition of RBC and plasma cholinesterase activity.	NOEL at the highest tested dose.
Marbofloxacin	Australia	20/05/2003					ARfD not necessary; for use in companion animals only.
Mecoprop	Australia	17/01/2001	0.5	100	50	Maternotoxicity and foetotoxicity in a rat developmental study. LOEL = 100 mg/kg bw/d.
Mecoprop-p	Australia	17/01/2001	0.5	100	50	Maternotoxicity and foetotoxicity in a rat developmental study.  LOEL = 100 mg/kg bw/d.
Melaleuca oil	Australia	12/08/2010	10	100	1000	Based on an in vivo micronucleus study in mice using a default safety factor of 100
Meloxicam	Australia	04/08/2004	0.004	10	0.04	Human study; based on a pharmacological no effect level of 2.5 mg meloxicam/person/d (0.04 mg/kg bw/d) due to observations of individual isolated minor deviations in the placebo & 5 mg meloxicam groups.	This is supported by a pharmacological NOEL of 0.4 mg/kg bw for prostaglandin synthesis inhibition in rats given single oral doses.
Mesosulfuron-methyl	Australia	27/05/2002	2	1000	[2000]	Rat acute tox study; clinical signs of neurotoxicity at LOEL = 2000mg/kg bw.
Mestotrione	Australia	22/09/2011	0.1	1000	100	The ARfD for mesotrione was established at 0.1 mg/kg bw/d based on a LOEL of 100 mg/kg bw/d in an oral developmental toxicity study in NZW rabbits, using a refined 1000-fold safety factor consisting of safety factors of 10 for each of intraspecies and interspecies variation, and a safety factor of 10 for gaps in the database (i.e. use of a LOEL in the absence of a NOEL).
Metarhizium Anisopliae var. Acridum (isolate FI-985)	Australia	04/09/2003					ARfD not established; due to inadequate data.
Methamidophos	Australia	30/01/2004	0.003	100	0.3	Acute neurotoxicity study in rats; based on plasma, erythrocyte and brain ChE inhibition at the next highest dose of 0.6 mg/kg bw/d.
Methidathion	Australia	31/05/2004	0.01	100	1	Rat acute neurotoxicity study; based on RBC and brain ChE activity inhibition at the next highest dose of 4 mg/kg bw.	Supported by the NOEL of 1 mg/kg bw for brain ChE inhibition in a rat acute oral toxicity study.
Methiocarb	Australia	05/12/2001	0.03	100	3	Clinical signs in maternal rats in a developmental study. LOEL = 10 mg/kg bw/d.
Methoxyfenozide	Australia	12/01/2001					ARfD not necessary; not acutely toxic and short-term dosing produced no significant general toxicity or adverse effects on foetal development.
Methylisothiocyanate	Australia	26/02/2004	0.0005	200	0.1	Dog acute oral toxicity study; based on clinical signs indicative of GIT irritation/corrosion at 1 mg/kg and higher. Foci of reddening were observed in some organs (unspecified) at the next highest dose of 0.5 mg/kg.	The safety factor was increased due to the possibility that inflammatory lesions formed but reversed during the 14-day period between treatment and necropsy.
Metrafenone	Australia	13/04/2010					The ARfD for metrafenone has not been established and there is not sufficient data to enable a ARfD to be set.
Metribuzin	Australia	31/07/2009	0.25	100	25	Study using 25, 75, 200 mg/kg bw/day: serum T4 levels reduced gestation day 16, increased by gestation day 20 at two higher doses. Thyroid gland weights up on both days at 2 higher doses. NOEL chosen on basis effect may have ocurred with single daily dose.	At the highest dose there were reduced placental weights, reduced mean foetal weight, increased rib deformation and delayed ossification. No embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were noted at any dose.
Mevinphos	Australia	05/12/2000	0.003	10	0.025	Inhibition of RBC AchE activity, and clinical signs, in a 28-day human study. LOEL = 0.03 mg/kg bw.
Milbemectin	Australia	29/04/2005	0.06	100	6	Based on a developmental study in rats
Monepantel	Australia	31/08/2009					The ARfD for monepantel has not been established and there is not sufficient data to enable an ARfD to be set
Monocrotophos	Australia	05/12/2000	0.0006	10	0.006	No inhibition of RBC AchE activity in a 28-day human study (male students) at 0.0057 mg/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested.
Moxidectin	Australia	28/03/2002	0.01	100	1	Dog 28-day dietary study; Clinical signs observed after 4 days treatment at 4mg/kg bw/d. Rabbit developmental study. Maternal toxicity (reduced weight gain at 5 mg/kg) with onset from approx. day 3 of dosing.
Naled	Australia	12/12/2000	0.01	100	1	Cholinergic signs and RBC AchE  inhibition in a 28-day study in rats.  LOEL = 10 mg/kg bw/d.
N-coco-1,3-diaminopropane	Australia	10/12/2003					ARfD not necessary; as it will not result in human exposure via the diet.
Neem limonoids	Australia	28/05/2004					ARfD not established; insufficient information.
N-oleyl-1,3-diaminopropane	Australia	10/12/2003					ARfD not necessary; as it will not result in human exposure via the diet.
Novaluron	Australia	17/01/2001					ARfD not necessary; low toxicity following single dose and short-term administration in animals, including studies on developmental toxicity.
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus of helicoverpa armigera occlusion bodies	Australia	17/12/2003					ARfD not necessary; unlikely to be toxic following a single administration.
Octenol	Australia	15/11/2004					ARfD not necessary; not intended to be used in food commodities.
Oestriol	Australia	05/02/2004					ARfD not necessary; not intended for use in food production.
Omethoate	Australia	20/10/2005	0.003	100	0.25	An acute oral neurotoxicity study in rats, based on inhibition of cholinesterase activity at 0.35 mg/kg bw and above.
Ortho-Phenylphenol	Australia	31/07/2003					ARfD not necessary; compound has low acute toxicity.
Paraquat	Australia	27/06/2003	0.004	100	0.45	1-year dog chronic feeding study, with pulmonary lesions at the next highest dose of 0.93/1.0 mg/kg bw/d.	The NOEL for pulmonary lesions after acute exposure is likely to be similar to that in the 1-year dog study because in a range of other studies, the formation of lesions occurred after single exposure, with severity independent of dosing duration.
Parathion	Australia	5/12/2000	0.01	10	0.125	No clinical signs or inhibition of RBC AchE activity in a 35-day human study (5 males), at the highest dose tested of 7.5 mg/person/d.
Parathion-methyl	Australia	05/12/2000	0.03	10	0.3	Inhibition of RBC AchE activity in a 30-day human study. LOEL = 0.42 mg/kg bw.	Supported by a NOEL in a 4-week mouse study of approx. 3.75 mg/kg bw/d.
Penflufen	Australia	10/10/2012	0.5	100	50	The ARfD for penflufen was established at 0.5 mg/kg/bw/d based on a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg/bw/d in an acute neurotoxicity study in rats for decreased motor and locomotor activity in female rats, and using a default 100-fold safety factor.
Penthiopyrad	Australia	01/02/2012	0.75	100	75	The ARfD is established at 0.75 mg/kg bw/d using the lowest NOAEL of 75 mg/kg bw/d for both maternal and foetal toxicity from a rabbit developmental toxicity study based on abortion in one animal and slightly lower foetal weight at the next higher dose level (225 mg/kg bw/d) and using a default safety factor of 100.
Pinoxaden	Australia	29/08/2005	0.3	100	30	Based on rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies.
Porcine Gonadotrophins	Australia	25/06/2002					ARfD not necessary.
Potassium bicarbonate	Australia	26/02/2004					ARfD not necessary; use of potassium bicarbonate on food crops will not result in residues distinguishable from natural levels of this compound.
Procymidone	Australia	13/12/2004	0.03	100	3.5	Rat developmental toxicity study; based on decreased anogenital distance in male fetuses at the next highest dose of 12.5 mg/kg bw/d.
Prohexadione-calcium	Australia	11/01/2006	1.5	100	150	Occurance of foetal abortions in rabbits at the next highest dose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg bw/d.
Propineb	Australia	12/04/2010	2	100	196	In a acute neurotoxicity study, a NOEL of 196 mg/kg bw was established for propineb based on urine stain in females at the next highest dose.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Propylene Oxide	Australia	21/04/2006	0.4	500	205	Inhalational developmental toxicity study in rats; based on increased litter incidence of an accessory 7th cervical rib at the highest dose of 340 mg/kg bw.	The ARfD was based on route-to-route extrapolation, with equivalent oral doses being derived from inhalational doses. The safety factor included an additional factor of 5 because of the uncertainty associated with the use of route-to-route extrapolation.
Propylenethiourea (PTU)	Australia	16/02/2007	0.003	100	0.32	Foetal skeletal variations observed in rats at the next highest dose of 1.2 mg/kg bw/d.
Proquinazid	Australia	06/12/2011	0.2	100	19	The ARfD for proquinazid was established at 0.2 mg/kg bw/d based on a LOAEL of 19 mg/kg bw/d in 90-day dietary study in dogs and using a default 100-fold safety factor to account for potential inter- and intra-species differences, which is considered sufficient for the minor and largely transient effects seen
Prosulfocarb	Australia	30/07/2007	0.4	100	40	Acute neurotoxicity study in rats; based on reduced motor activity at 200 mg/kg bw or greater oral gavage doses.
Prothioconazole	Australia	28/05/2008	0.03	100	3	Developmental toxicity study in rats; based on increased incidence of 14th rib, increased resorption, decreased little size, cleft palate, and decreased foetal weight gain at the next highest dose of 10 mg/kg bw/d and higher.	The ARfD is also supported by an developmental toxicity study in rabbits, based on increased fetuses arthrogryposis and fetuses with multiple abnormalities at next highest dose of 10 mg/kg bw/d and higher. 0.03 mg/kg bw is a group ARfD for prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio.
Pyraclostrobin	Australia	26/06/2008	0.05	100	5	Rabbit developments study; based on early resorptions at the next highest dose of 10 mg/kg bw/day and higher in rabbits.
Pyraflufen-ethyl	Australia	17/12/2004	0.2	100	20	Developmental study in rabbits; based on increased maternal mortality and morbidity at the next highest dose of 60 mg/kg bw/d.
Pyrasulfotole	Australia	20/08/2008	0.2	1000	200	Decreased motor and locomotor activity, uncharacterised staining of the fur at 200 mg/kg bw in a rat neurotoxicity study.	Based on a LOEL.
Pyrethrins	Australia	31/07/2003	0.2	100	20	Rat gavage acute neurotoxicity study; neurotoxicity at the next highest dose of 63 mg/kg bw/d (F).	Adopted from JMPR ‘99.
Pyridalyl	Australia	29/04/2004					ARfD not necessary; no adverse effects were observed following single oral administration.
Pyrimethanil	Australia	19/05/2009	0.85	100	85	Occurence of maternotoxicity (alopecia, emaciation, hunched posture, decreased bodyweight gain and food consumption) at the next highest dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d.
Pyrithione Copper	Australia	21/07/2004					ARfD not necessary; pyrithione is to be used as an antifouling paint on marine surface vessels.
Pyroxasulfone	Australia	23/09/2011	0.1;	1000	100	The ARfD for pyroxasulfone was established at 0.1 mg/kg bw/d based on a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/d in a developmental neurotoxicity study in rats, using a refined 1000-fold safety factor consisting of safety factors of 10 for each of potential intraspecies and interspecies variation, and an additional safety factor of 10 to account for the seriousness of the health effect of concern.
Pyroxsulam	Australia	14/04/2008				There are no effects in this toxicology database that could be attributed to a single dose	Therefore an ARfD was not established.
Quinclorac	Australia	13/09/2004	2	100	200	Acute oral toxicity study in mice by gavage; based on male mortality and clincal signs at the next highest dose of 600 mg/kg bw.
Quinoxyfen	Australia	15/01/2002					ARfD not necessary; no toxicological alerts which might conceivably be elicited by a single dose.
Ractopamine hydrochloride	Australia	30/07/2002	0.001	100	0.13	Human study; based on increased heart rate at the next highest dose of 0.20 mg/kg bw.
Rotenone	Australia	20/12/2002					ARfD not established; due to the absence of an adequate toxicology database and lack of information on identity of tested material.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Australia	04/09/2002					ARfD not necessary; the micro-organisms are used in the manufacture of food for human consumption.
Saflufenacil	Australia	31/08/2009	0.017	300	5.0	Based on a NOEL of 5 mg/kg bw/d in a rat developmental study with a 300-fold safety factor.
Spinetoram	Australia	5/05/2008					No ARfD has been established and no data were submitted to enable an ARfD to be set.
Spirotetramat	Australia	26/05/2008	1	100	100	Occurrence of urine and perianal stain and decreased motor activity in rats at the next highest dose of ≥200 mg/kg bw/d.
Spiroxamine	Australia	02/07/2001	0.2	100	20	Acute oral neurotoxicity study in rats - marked decrease in landing footsplay at the next highest dose tested of 30 mg/kg bw.
Sulfentrazone	Australia	08/08/2006	0.1	100	10	Developmental toxicity study in rats, based on increased resorptions, decreased foetal body weights and skeletal variations at the next highest dose of 25 mg/kg bw/d.	Embryo-/Foetotoxicity in the absence of maternal toxicity.
Sulfuryl Fluoride	Australia	24/08/2006	0.3	100	31	No effects at the highest tested concentration of 300 ppm (31 mg/kg bw systematic exposure), in a short-term (2 days) inhalation neurotoxicity study (two 6-hr exposures in 30 hrs) in rats
Tepraloxydim	Australia	19/05/2002	0.4	100	40	Rat developmental study; reduced foetal body weight and impaired ossification.
Terbuthylazine	Australia	04/05/2001					ARfD not necessary; no significant organ toxicity or developmental effects following short-term dosing.
Tetraconazole	Australia	12/12/2002	0.2	100	16	In a 4-week dietary study in rats, clinical signs noted within one week at the next highest dose of 2,500 ppm (68.4/62.3 mg/kg bw/d in males/females) NOEL = 640 ppm (17.5/16 mg/kg  bw/d in males/females).
Thiacloprid	Australia	20/07/2001	0.03	100	3.1	Acute oral neurotoxicity study in rats.  Reduced motor & locomotor activity at the next highest dose of 11 mg/kg bw (females).
Thiophanate-methyl	Australia	15/02/2011	0.2	100	20	Increase in foetal skeletal variations (supernumerary ribs, reduced lumbar vertebrae) observed at 40 mg/kg bw/d in a developmental toxicity study in rats at maternotoxic doses.	Although these variations occurred only in conjunction with maternotoxicity, it is considered possible that they were related to a single exposure.
Thiram	Australia	2/07/2010	0.1	100	10	An ARfD for thiram has been established at 0.1 mg/kg bw/d, based on a NOEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d in an acute neurotoxicity study based on a reduction in motor activity and using a 100-fold safety factor.
Tilmicosin	Australia	29/08/2002	0.4	100	36	Oral dosing in dogs at 36 mg/kg bw/d for 4 days.
Tolfenamic acid	Australia	16/01/2001	0.005	100	[0.5]	Lowest effective therapeutic dose (as a single dose) for treatment of pyresis in children.
Trifloxysulfuron	Australia	19/05/2002	6	100	600	Rat acute neurotox study; impaired locomotor activity at 2000 mg/kg bw.
Tulathromycin	Australia	16/08/2006	0.1	100	10	An ARfD of 0.1 mg/kg bw was established based on a LOEL of 100 mg/kg bw in the dog oral acute study using a safety factor of 1000.
Ulocladium oudemansii	Australia	12/12/2003					ARfD not necessary; although there were insufficient data to establish an ARfD, since no residues are anticipated, the establishment of an ARfD is not necessary.

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